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Loading state
The visual feedback shown while content is fetching.
A loading state is what fills the screen when the user is waiting for something — a spinner, a skeleton, a progress bar. Without it, the user does not know if their click worked or the page is broken.
For loads under one second, a brief spinner is enough. For longer loads, skeleton placeholders feel faster and tell the user what is coming. For very long operations, show progress with a real number.